Reported Speech
Reported speech or Indirect speech is used if we want to retell one's opinion or someone's talk to another person. It usually started by introducing verb such as say, tell, answer, inform explain, add, order or command. Reported speech can be formed from Statement, Command/Imperative, and Question.
1. Reported Statements
A. If the introductory sentence start in Present tense, there is no blackshift of tenses in reported speech.
Example :
Direct Speech : Afrelia "I want to go."
Reported Speech : Afrelia says that she want to go.
B. If the introductory sentence start in Past tense there is often blackshift of sentence in reported speech.
Example :
Direct Speech : Afrelia: "I want to go."
Reported speech : Afrelia said that she wanted to go.
Notes :
Backshift of sentence
1. Simple present => Simple Past
Jacob: "I get up early." => Jacob said that he got up early.
2. Simple past/ Present Perfect/ past perfect => Past perfect.
Jacob: I got up early/ I have got up early/ I had gotten up early =>Jacob said that he had gotten up early.
3. Will => would
Jacob: I will get up early => I would get up early.
Progressive Form
1. are/am/is => was were
Jacob: "I am getting up early." => Jacob said that he was getting up early.
2. (was/were)/ has been/ had been => had been.
Jacob: "I was getting up early"/ " I have been getting up early" / "I had been getting up early => Jacob said that he had getting up early.
The change of pronouns and possessive adjective in reported speech.
1. I: he/ she
2. You: Me/ he/ she/ them/ I/ him/ her.
3. My: His her
4. our: Their/ our
5. we: they
6. Your: my/his/ her
If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.
1. this: that
2. today/ this day: that day
3. these: those
4. now: then
5. ago: before
6. last weekend: the weekend before/ the previous weekend.
7. here: there
8. next day: the following day
9. tomorrow: the next/ following day
The word (that) can be left out.
2. Reported Command
If we put a command into reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
Positive Command
Verb1 => To+Verb1
Afrel asked "come here, please" => Afrel asked nanik to come there.
Negative Command
Do not+Verb1 => Not to+Verb1
Afrel asked "do not step on the grass" => Afrel asked nanik not to step on the grass.
3. Reported Question
If we put a Question into reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time). In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement. That's why the word order is: subject - verb
Questions without question words (yes/no questions):
Example :
Direct Speech : Afrelia "I want to go."
Reported Speech : Afrelia says that she want to go.
B. If the introductory sentence start in Past tense there is often blackshift of sentence in reported speech.
Example :
Direct Speech : Afrelia: "I want to go."
Reported speech : Afrelia said that she wanted to go.
Notes :
Backshift of sentence
1. Simple present => Simple Past
Jacob: "I get up early." => Jacob said that he got up early.
2. Simple past/ Present Perfect/ past perfect => Past perfect.
Jacob: I got up early/ I have got up early/ I had gotten up early =>Jacob said that he had gotten up early.
3. Will => would
Jacob: I will get up early => I would get up early.
Progressive Form
1. are/am/is => was were
Jacob: "I am getting up early." => Jacob said that he was getting up early.
2. (was/were)/ has been/ had been => had been.
Jacob: "I was getting up early"/ " I have been getting up early" / "I had been getting up early => Jacob said that he had getting up early.
The change of pronouns and possessive adjective in reported speech.
1. I: he/ she
2. You: Me/ he/ she/ them/ I/ him/ her.
3. My: His her
4. our: Their/ our
5. we: they
6. Your: my/his/ her
If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.
1. this: that
2. today/ this day: that day
3. these: those
4. now: then
5. ago: before
6. last weekend: the weekend before/ the previous weekend.
7. here: there
8. next day: the following day
9. tomorrow: the next/ following day
The word (that) can be left out.
2. Reported Command
If we put a command into reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
Positive Command
Verb1 => To+Verb1
Afrel asked "come here, please" => Afrel asked nanik to come there.
Negative Command
Do not+Verb1 => Not to+Verb1
Afrel asked "do not step on the grass" => Afrel asked nanik not to step on the grass.
3. Reported Question
If we put a Question into reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time). In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement. That's why the word order is: subject - verb
Questions without question words (yes/no questions):
If/ whether+subject+Verb
Afrel: "Do you eat banana?"
Afrel asked her if/whether she ate banana.
Questions with question words:
WH-Question+ Subject+ Verb
Afrel: "When do you eat banana?"
Afrel asked her when she eat banana.
Afrel asked her if/whether she ate banana.
Questions with question words:
WH-Question+ Subject+ Verb
Afrel: "When do you eat banana?"
Afrel asked her when she eat banana.
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