Conditional Sentence

Conditional Sentence
 

      Conditional Sentence is a sentence that expresses a wish, hope, plan, etc. That may be possible, unreal, or impossible. There are three types of conditional sentence. 

1. Type 1 Future Conditional or Real Conditional. 

Future conditional is used to express a wish, hope or plan that may be possible.

Form : If-clause, main clause (If+Subject+Verb-1 (s/es), Subject+will+Verb 1).

If-clause is in simple present and main clause may stand by will future or infinitive or modal+infinitive. 

The if-clause can be at the beginning or the end of sentence.

We can substitute could or might for would (should, may, or must are sometimes   possible too. 

Example :

1.  If I see Jimmy Jacob tonight, I will text you. 

Fact : Maybe I see Jimmy Jacob if I go out tonight.

2. If I get up early, I will not come late.

Fact : Maybe I get up early if I do not go bed late.

3. I will pass the exams if I study.

Fact : maybe I pass the exams if I study hard.

4. The children will not go for a walk if it rains.

Fact : maybe it rains if it is cloudy.

5. If I do not make breakfast tomorrow, My mother will not give me money anymore.

Fact : Maybe I make breakfast if I remember with what my mother says.

6. If they do not hungry, they will not cry.

7. If she buys a magazine, She will know the news.

8. If he does not cry, no one will help him.

9. If she does not buy this book, she will not pass the exam.

10. I will happy if they get married.

2. Type 2 Present Conditional or Unreal Present.

The present conditional is used to express a wish, hope, or plan thatis unreal.

Form : If-clause, main clause (If+Subject+Verb2,Subject+would/could/might+Verb1). If-clause is in simple past and main clause stand by would, could or might (modal). And the fact is always contrary to reality and if the present conditional positive then the fact is negative or otherwise.

Note : for type 2, "were" is used for all subject.

The if-clause can be at the beginning or the end of sentence. 

Example :

1. If I had wings, I would fly around the world.

fact : I do not have wings so I can not fly around the world.

2. If I were you, I would buy a luxurious car.

fact : I am not you so I can not buy a luxurious car.

3. If she were my girlfriend, I would marry her.

fact : She is not my girlfriend so I can not marry her.

4. If I found much money, I would buy a laptop.

fact : I do not find much money so I can not buy a laptop.

5. If he did not like me, he would not buy me a red rose.

fact : He likes me so he buys me a red rose.

6. If I knew them, I would say hello.

fact : I do not know them so I will not say hello.

7. If I were a lecturer, I would not give many assignment to my student.

Fact : I am not lecturer so I will not give many assignment.

8. If you dropped this bottle, it would not break.

fact : I do not dropped this bottle so i do not know.

9. If you did not come late, I would not be angry.

fact :  You come late so I am angry.

10. I would buy sate if I had enough money.

fact : I have not enough money so I can not buy sate.

3. Type 3 Past Conditional 

Past Conditional is used to express a wish, hope, plan that is impossible to happen. 

Form : If-clause, main clause(Subject+had+verb3, Subject+would/could/should+have+verb3).

If-clause is in past perfect and the main clause stand by would/could/should+have+past participle.  

the fact is always contrary to reality and if the present conditional positive then the fact is negative or otherwise. 

Note : for type 3, it is often formed in Inversion that means position of the subject and the verb is inverted and not using if. 

The use of unless : Unless+Subject+Verb that means If not.

Example :

1. If I had studied hard, I would have passed the exams.

Fact : I did not study hard.

2. If I had came to your birth day, I would have seen your father.

Fact : I did not come to the party.

3. If I had passed the exams, I would have got job.

Fact : I did not pass the exams.

4. If you had broke your promise, She would got angry with you.

Fact : You did not break your promise.

5. If we had been millionaire, I would have traveled around the world.

Fact : We did not millionaire. 
6. If you had checked the car, It would not have broken in the middle of street. 
Fact : You did not check the car.
7. If it had not rained, the children would have played football.
Fact : It rained.
8. If Afrel had not cheated, the lecturer would not have phoned her father.
Fact : Afrel cheated.
9. If her brother had not driven so fast, He would not got accident.
Fact : her brother drove so fast.
10. If I had not switched off the TV, I would  have seen the winner of Miss World.
Fact : I switched off the TV. 

 

 

Causative Verb

Causative Verb

            A causative verb is used to describe a situation in which the subject "causes" the object to do something. Causative verb phrase is divided into two kinds, active and passive. In the active sentence causative verb, the agent is doing the action is known. In contrast, the passive sentence causative verb, the agent is usually not mentioned. Let, take, have, and get are general causative verb is usually used. Some of them use action verb like bare infinitive ( infinitive without to) or to infinitive

Example :

1. Let 

Form : Subject + Let + agent/person + action verb, this costruction means to allow someone to do something.

a. Afrel lets me visit her house. 

b. I do not know if my father lets me drive the car.

c. They let you go to the party. 

d. Mr. Abdillah lets the students leave class early.

e. I let you to borrow my novel.

f. She lets them use her bicycle.

g. Atik lets me read her diary book.

h. Mrs. Welasan lets us play in the class.

i. My mother lets me to cook cake in her kicthen.

j. They let me go into the room.

2. Make/Made

Form : Subject + make/made + agent/person + action verb, this contruction means convincing or forcing someone to do something. 

a. Mr. Abdillah makes us work hard.

b. Someone made me wear this ugly dress. 

c. Afrel made her children do their homework.

d. Martin makes his sister give him the money.

e. Dr. Anka made me eat papaya every day.

f. I made afrel bring my shoes.

g. Sad movie make me sad. 

h. Mrs. Al made me apologize for what I had said.

i. The police made me stop my car.

j. The beggar made me give him money. 

3. Have/Had

Form : 

* Active : Subject + have/had + agent/person + action verb

* Passive : Subject + Have/had + object + acton verb (Verb 3)

this contruction means to give someone the responsibility to do something or want something is done by someone.

*Active

a. Afrel had me take her KRS.

b. Dr. Nanik had her patient drink the medicine.

c. The lecturer had the student keep silent in the class. 

d. I have Ajeng wash my room.

e. I had the mechanic check my motorbike.

f. The student had the teacher to speak slowly.

g. I had Afrel read my novel.

h. I have my friend text me to give me an information.

*Passive

a. Abid had my TV repaired. 

b. My mother had her money returned back.

c. I have my house renovated.

d. I have my house cleaned. 

e. Nanik had her car washed.

f. She had her radio fixed last week.

g. He had his book returned.

h. I had my food eaten

4. Get/Got

Form : 

*Active : Subject + Get/Got + agent/person + to + action verb

*Passive : Subject + Get/Got + object + action verb (verb 3)

This instruction usually means to convince to do something, to trick someone into doing something, or persuade someone to do something.

*Active

a. I got my mother to buy me a teddy bear.

b. Josh got her wife to taste his food.

c. Afrel got her daughter to drink the medicine.

d. My father gets me to follow ballet course.

e. The teacher got her student to read more.

f. I got Afrel to give her money to the beggar.

*Passive

a. Yordan got his money saved in the bank.

b. I got my room cleaned.

c. She got her bicycle returned.

d. I got my bag broken.

e. He got his glasses  broken.

Notice :

      Sometimes "get someone to do something" is interchangeable with "have someone do something," but these expressions do not mean exactly the same thing.

Examples:

1. I got the mechanic to check 

it means my brakes.At first the mechanic didn't think it was necessary, but I convinced him to check the brakes.

2. I had the mechanic check 

it means my brakes.I asked the mechanic to check the brakes.

 

More Example about Reported Speech, Declarative Sentence, Yes/No Question, WH Question, and Imperative Sentence

A. Reported Speech

1. Direct   : "I want to go to London."
    Indirect : Nanik says that she wants to go to London.
2. Direct   : "I am on the way home."
    Indirect :  My Father tells me that he is on the way home.
3. Direct : "We have to study hard."
    Indirect : Mr. Abdillah explains that we have to study hard.
4. Direct  : "You must live with me."
    Indirect : Jacob asked her that I might live with him.
5. Direct  : "I did not have lunch."
    Indirect : He answered that he had not had lunch.
6. Direct  : "I am very sad."
    Indirect : Afrel says that she is very sad.
7. Direct  : "you are not fit to wear this dress."
    Indirect : She tells us that we are not fit to wear the dress.
8. Direct  : "writing is so difficult."
    Indirect : Mr. Agus explains us that writing is so difficult.
9. Direct    : "I am very busy."
    Indirect : My mother said that she was very busy.
10. Direct  : "I can not help you."
      Indirect : Haroko asked him that he could not help me.
11. Direct   : "the cave is very dangerous."
      Indirect : An old man tells that the cave is very dangerous.
12. Direct   : "the test is very easy."
      Indirect : Mrs. Rini informs us that the test is very easy.
13. Direct    : "I need a bottle of water."
       Indirect : The beggar asked that she need a bottle of water.
14. Direct   : "you must study hard in this semester."
      Indirect :My lecturer advises that we must study hard in this semester.

B. Declarative or Statement Sentence

 1. "Indonesian is one of the nation's identity."
     She said that Indonesian was one of the nation's identity.
 2. Soto is a traditional food from Indonesia.
     He says that Soto a traditional food from Indonesia.
 3. "I do not agree with my mother opinion."
     Afrel said that She did not agree withe her mother opinion.
 4. "There is a greatest temple in Jogjakarta, called Borrobudur temple."
     Nanik said that there was a greaest temple in Jogjakarata, called Borrobudur temple.
 5. "I graduated from the University Muhammadyah of Surakarta."
     James said that  He had graduated from the University Muhammadyah of Surakarta.
 6. "I wants to go to England."
     Achien said that She wanted to go to England.
 7. "17 August is our independence day."
     She explains them that 17 August is our independence day.
 8. "Gamelan, Kecapi, and Rebab are traditional Indonesian art."
     Jake explains us that Gamelan, Kecapi, and Rebab are traditional Indonesian art.
 9. "Mr. Sukarno was the first president of Indonesia."
     Herman said that Mr. Sukarno  had been the first president of Indonesia.
 10. "Thomas Alva Edison was the inventor of the bulb."
       The Lecturer said that Thomas Alve Edison had been the inventor of the bulb.
 11. "I am not beautiful."
       Afrel said that She was not beautiful.
 12. "Love without faith is blind."
      Ajeng says that Love without faith is blind.
 13. "Sambal Terasi is phehatin favorite food."
       Fadillah said that Sambal Trasi was prehatin favorite food.
 14. "We are going to watch a football match."
        Jimmy said that we were going to watch a football match
 15. "Ajeng speaks English fluently."
       Platina Mega says that Ajeng speaks English fluently.

 C. Yes/No Questions

 1. "Is she Javanese people?"
     Veve asked me if/ whether  She was Javanese people.
 2. "Did John wait his girlfriend yesterday?"
     He asked me if/whether John had waited his girlfriend the day before.
 3. "Do you listen to the radio?"
     Mikha asks him if/whether he listens to the radio.
 4. "Did not you go to Bali yesterday?"
     She asked me if/whether  I had gone to Bali the day before.
 5. "Am I crazy lover?"
     She asked her if/whether she was crazy lover.
 6. "Are you on facebook now?"
     She asked him if/whether he was on facebook then.
 7. "Is your husband a pilot?"
     Afrel asked me if/whether my husband was a pilot.
 8. "Did not you see my new hair?"
     She asked me if/whether  I had seen her hair.
 9. "Does your wife work in Sido Muncul factory?"
     He asked him if/whether  his wife had worked in Sido Muncul Factory.
10. "Am I fat?"
      She asked me if/whether she was fat.
11. "Do they tell something to you?"
      A man asks me if/whether  they tells something to me.
12. " Did you finished reading this book?"
      Lesta asked me if/whether I had finished reading this book.
13. "Are you sick?"
      Ajeng asked me if/whether I was sick.
14. "Are you Indonesian people?"
      Jacob asks me if/whether I am Indonesian people.
15. "was she an author?"
      Berna asked me if/whether I had been an author.
16. "will you come on time?"
     She asked me if/whether I would come on time.
17. "Can you help me?"
      He asked me if/whether I could help him.
18. "Does Shara make cake?"
     She asked him if/whether Shara made cake.
19. "Do you love me?"
      He asked her if/whether she loved him.
20. Am I lazy?
     She asks me if/whether She was lazy.

 D. Question Words

 1. "How big this temple is?"
     Arini asked me how big this temple.
 2. "Which shoes do you want?"
     Arga asked her Which shoes she wanted.
 3. "What is your father's name?"
     Arfian asked her what is her father's name. 
 4. "When did Reyhan visit Solo?"
     He asked her when Reyhan had visited Solo.
 5. "Who take my pen on the table?"
     She asked me who take her pen on the table.
 6. "Why do you stay here?"
     She asked me why I stayed here.
 7. "Where do your parents live?"
     He asked her where her parents lived.
 8. "How tall you are?"
      She asked me how tall I am.
 9. "When will you go to London?"
     Atik asked her when she would go to London.
 10. "Why do not you give me the reason?"
       He asked her why she had not  given him the reason.
 11. "How far is England from Indonesia?"
       Atik asked me How far England from Indonesia.
 12. "Why do you like eating stone?"
      Nanik asked Afrel why she liked eating stone.
 13. "How old are you?"
       He asked me how old I am.
 14. "What do you like to have?"
      She asked me what I liked to have.
 15. "Where do you school?"
      She asked me where my school.
 16. "How often do you come to my boarding house?"
       Rika asked me how often I came to her boarding house.
 17. "What time is it?"
       Marrie asked him What time it was.
 18. "How long do you take shower?"
       Afrel asked Ajeng how long  she took shower.
 19. "Why do you always follow me constantly?"
       She asked Afrel why she followed her constantly.
 20. "What are they talking about?"
       Steven asked me what they they were talking about.

 E. Imperative

 1. "Close the window, please!"
     Ariny told me to close the window.
 2. "Shut up!"
    Nanik asked Afrel to shut up.
 3. "Do not fight here!"
     Ajeng told us not to fight here.
 4. "Stop smoking!"
      Wenddy asked him to stop smoking.
 5. "Do not step on the grass!"
     Ike asked them not to step on the grass.
 6. "Speak English, please!"
     My teacher asked me to speak English.
 7. "Do not  parking here!"
      He asked us not to parking there.
 8. "please, do your homework!"
     She asked them to do their homework.
 9. "Do not find me anymore!"
      She told him not to find her anymore.
 10. "Keep silent, please!"
       the teacher told us to keep silent.
 11. "Do not eat thus bread!"
        She asked me not to eat this bread.
 12. "please, enjoy our party!"
       Ariany told us to enjoy our party.
 13. "sit down, please!"
      Mega asked Afrel to sit down.
 14. Get out!
     Nanik told Afrel to get out.
 15. No entry!
      She noticed us not to entry.

Reported Speech (Reported Statement, Reported Command, and Reported Question)

Reported Speech 

Reported speech or Indirect speech is used if we want to retell one's opinion or someone's talk to another person. It usually started by introducing verb such as say, tell, answer, inform explain, add, order or command. Reported speech can be formed from Statement, Command/Imperative, and Question. 

1.  Reported Statements

    A. If the introductory sentence start in Present tense, there is no blackshift of tenses in reported speech.
Example :
Direct Speech      : Afrelia "I want to go."
Reported Speech : Afrelia says that she want to go.
     B. If the introductory sentence start in Past tense there is often blackshift of sentence in reported speech.
Example :
Direct Speech     : Afrelia: "I want to go."
Reported speech : Afrelia said that she wanted to go.
Notes :
Backshift of sentence
1. Simple present => Simple Past
   Jacob: "I get up early." => Jacob said that he got up early.
2. Simple past/ Present Perfect/ past perfect => Past perfect.
    Jacob: I got up early/ I have got up early/ I had gotten up early =>Jacob said that he had gotten up early.
3. Will => would
    Jacob: I will get up early => I would get up early.
Progressive Form
1. are/am/is => was were
Jacob: "I am getting up early." =>  Jacob said that he was getting up early.
2. (was/were)/ has been/ had been => had been.
Jacob: "I was getting up early"/ " I have been getting up early" / "I had been getting up early => Jacob said that he had getting up early.
The change of pronouns and possessive  adjective in reported speech.
1. I: he/ she
2. You: Me/ he/ she/ them/ I/ him/ her.
3. My: His her
4. our: Their/ our
5. we: they
6. Your: my/his/ her
If the sentence contains an expression of time, you must change it as well.
1. this: that
2. today/ this day: that day
3. these: those
4. now: then
5. ago: before
6. last weekend: the weekend before/ the previous weekend.
7. here: there
8. next day: the following day
9. tomorrow: the next/ following day
The word (that) can be left out.

2. Reported Command
If we put a command into reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time).
Positive Command
Verb1 => To+Verb1
Afrel asked "come here, please" => Afrel asked nanik to come there.
Negative Command
Do not+Verb1 => Not to+Verb1
Afrel asked "do not step on the grass" => Afrel asked nanik not to step on the grass.

3. Reported Question
If we put a Question into reported speech there are some steps which are the same like in statements (changing of the person, backshift of tenses, changing of expressions of time). In Reported speech there is no question anymore, the sentence becomes a statement. That's why the word order is: subject - verb
Questions without question words (yes/no questions):

 If/ whether+subject+Verb

 Afrel: "Do you eat banana?"
 Afrel asked her if/whether she ate banana.
Questions with question words:
WH-Question+ Subject+ Verb
Afrel: "When do you eat banana?"
Afrel asked her when she eat banana.